Eight-to-fourteen modulation
Eight-to-Fourteen Modulation
- Date
- 1979 · confidence high
- Place
- Eindhoven, Netherlands
- Credited to
- Kees Schouhamer Immink
- Field
- Knowledge & symbols
What it is
Line code that converts each byte of data into a 14-bit word for optical recording on the compact disc, designed by Kees Schouhamer Immink at Philips Research to increase recording density and reduce read errors.
What it led to
- Adoption as the standard encoding of the audio CD (Red Book, 1980) and of laserdiscs
- Evolution into EFMPlus for the DVD and Super Audio CD
- Basis for modern optical data encoding techniques