🔬 Discovery

Inverted images and focal points of concave mirrors (Shen Kuo)

Imagen invertida y foco de los espejos cóncavos (Shen Kuo)

Date
1088 · confidence high
Place
Runzhou (Zhenjiang), Jiangsu, China
Credited to
Shen Kuo
Field
Communication

What was discovered

In the Dream Pool Essays, Shen Kuo explains that the inverted image of a pagoda through a hole, or in a concave mirror, results from rays crossing at one point, and describes the focus of concave mirrors. He also discusses why magic mirrors transmit their pattern.

It continues the Mohist tradition; the merit is the geometrical explanation of ray crossing and focus in one framework, not the discovery of the inverted image, which was already known.

What it led to

  • analysis of magic mirrors through surface curvature
  • the Chinese tradition of mirror and pinhole geometrical optics
  • diffusion of the Essays as a scientific encyclopedia
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Sources✓ verified 2026-11-06