📜 Theorem, law or theory

Modified Newtonian dynamics (MOND)

Dinámica newtoniana modificada (MOND)

Date
1982-1983 · confidence high
Place
Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
Credited to
Mordehai Milgrom
Field
Cosmos & Earth

⚠️ Disputed: the sources disagree.

What was discovered

Milgrom proposed modifying Newton's laws at extremely low accelerations, typical of galactic outskirts, to explain flat galaxy rotation curves without invoking invisible dark matter.

MOND explains individual galaxy rotation curves well, but struggles with other observations, such as the acoustic peaks of the cosmic microwave background, so it has not displaced the dark-matter model.

What it led to

  • The dark-matter-versus-modified-gravity scientific debate
  • Derived relativistic theories (TeVeS and others)

Links

Sources✓ verified 2026-09-28