Thermoelectricity (Seebeck and Peltier effects)

What was discovered

A temperature difference between the junctions of two different metals generates a current (Seebeck), and, conversely, a current produces heat or cold at the junction (Peltier, 1834). It connects heat and electricity and offers an electrical thermometer.

Seebeck mistakenly interpreted it as 'thermomagnetism'.

What it led to

• Thermodynamics of irreversible processes (Thomson, Onsager)
• Thermocouples for temperature measurement
• Thermoelectric generators (space probes)
• Peltier refrigeration

Built on

• Ørsted's effect: electric current deflects a compass1820
• Voltaic pile

Made possible

• Radioisotope thermoelectric generator (RTG)1961
• Thermocouple
• Peltier cooler

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