Human Genome Project
Secuencia del genoma humano
- Date
- 1990-2003 · confidence high
- Place
- NIH, Bethesda, Maryland, United States; Sanger Institute, Hinxton, United Kingdom; Celera, Rockville
- Credited to
- International consortium (Francis Collins, John Sulston, Eric Lander) and Celera Genomics (Craig Venter); draft in 2000, completed in 2003
- Field
- Life & health
⚠️ Disputed: the sources disagree.
What it is
Reading of the three billion bases of human DNA by a public consortium competing with a private company, published in the open. It was the largest biological project in history.
The race between the public consortium and Celera ended in a joint announcement in 2000; the complete, gap-free genome was not finished until 2022 (T2T consortium).
What it led to
- Medical genomics, personalised medicine and consumer genetic testing
- The principle of open data access (the Bermuda Principles)
- Big-data biology and bioinformatics
- genomic and precision medicine
- population genomics and ancestry
- the fall in sequencing cost
- ethical questions over genetic privacy and gene patents
Built on
- Sanger DNA sequencing1977
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)1983
- Automated fluorescent DNA sequencer (Hood and Applied Biosystems)1986-1987
- Sanger sequencing
- supercomputing
- computing and databases (GenBank)
Made possible
- Imatinib (Gleevec), first targeted cancer therapy2001
- Next-generation sequencing (454, Solexa/Illumina)2005-2006
- personalised medicine
- 23andMe
- CRISPR (target identification)
- direct-to-consumer genetic testing
- pharmacogenomics