CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing
Edición genética CRISPR-Cas9
- Date
- 2012 · confidence high
- Place
- UC Berkeley, California, United States, and Umeå University, Sweden; Broad Institute, Cambridge, Massachusetts (human cells, 2013)
- Credited to
- Jennifer Doudna and Emmanuelle Charpentier (Nobel 2020); Feng Zhang (Broad) and George Church (editing in human cells, 2013); Francisco Mojica (discovery of CRISPR, Alicante)
- People
- 👤 Emmanuelle Charpentier1968–👤 Feng Zhang1981–👤 Francisco Mojica1963–👤 George Church1954–👤 Jennifer Doudna1964–
- Field
- Life & health
⚠️ Disputed: the sources disagree.
What it is
Bacterial immune system reprogrammed as molecular scissors that cut DNA at any chosen position using an RNA guide. It made genetic editing cheap, fast and universal.
Long patent battle between Berkeley and the Broad Institute; the Broad won in the United States for eukaryotic cells (2022), Berkeley in Europe. Merged with «CRISPR-Cas9 as a genome-editing tool», «CRISPR-Cas9 as a programmable genetic editing tool» (duplicate, 23-09-2026).
What it led to
- The cure for sickle-cell disease (Casgevy, 2023) and precision gene therapies
- He Jiankui's edited babies (2018) and the regulation of germline editing
- Gene-edited crops and animals without transgenes
- the first approved CRISPR therapy (Casgevy, sickle-cell disease, 2023)
- gene-edited crops and animals
- the He Jiankui edited-babies scandal (2018) and debates over germline editing
- functional genomic screens
- gene therapies (Casgevy, 2023)
- gene-edited agriculture
- synthetic biology
- base editing and prime editing
Built on
- DNA double-helix structure1953
- Recombinant DNA genetic engineering1973
- Sanger DNA sequencing1977
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)1983
- Discovery of CRISPR sequences1987
- Knockout mouse (homologous recombination in stem cells)1987-1989
- TAL recognition code for DNA and TALEN2009-2010
- discovery of CRISPR (Mojica, 2005)
- zinc-finger nucleases and TALENs
- CRISPR as bacterial immunity
- discovery of CRISPR (Mojica, Alicante)
Made possible
- CRISPR-Cas9 in mammalian cells (Zhang and Church)enero de 2013
- CRISPR gene drive (mutagenic chain reaction)2015
- Base editing and prime editing2016-2019
- Cas13 and Cas12 diagnostics (SHERLOCK and DETECTR)2017-2018
- First babies with an edited genome (He Jiankui)noviembre de 2018
- Gene-edited pig organ xenotransplantation2021-2024
- Sicilian Rouge High GABA tomato (first commercial CRISPR food)2020-2021
- First approved CRISPR therapy (Casgevy, sickle-cell disease)2023
- edited crops
- mass genetic screening
- base editing and prime editing
- in vivo gene therapies
- approved CRISPR therapies
- genomic screening